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soil mechanics
Soil mechanics is a branch of engineering mechanics that describes the behavior of soils. It differs from fluid mechanics and solid mechanics in the sense that soils consist of a heterogeneous mixture of fluids (usually air and water) and particles (usually clay, silt, sand, and gravel) but soil may also contain organic solids, liquids, and gasses and other matter.〔Mitchell, J.K., and Soga, K. (2005) Fundamentals of soil behavior, Third edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., ISBN 978-0-471-46302-3.〕〔.〕〔Powrie, W., Spon Press, 2004, ''Soil Mechanics – 2nd ed'' ISBN 0-415-31156-X〕〔A Guide to Soil Mechanics, Bolton, Malcolm,Macmillan Press, 1979. ISBN 0-333-18931-0〕 Along with rock mechanics, soil mechanics provides the theoretical basis for analysis in geotechnical engineering,〔( Fang, Y., Spon Press, 2006, ''Introductory Geotechnical Engineering'' )〕 a subdiscipline of civil engineering, and engineering geology, a subdiscipline of geology. Soil mechanics is used to analyze the deformations of and flow of fluids within natural and man-made structures that are supported on or made of soil, or structures that are buried in soils.〔Lambe, T. William & Robert V. Whitman. ''Soil Mechanics''. Wiley, 1991; p. 29. ISBN 978-0-471-51192-2〕 Example applications are building and bridge foundations, retaining walls, dams, and buried pipeline systems. Principles of soil mechanics are also used in related disciplines such as engineering geology, geophysical engineering, coastal engineering, agricultural engineering, hydrology and soil physics.
This article describes the genesis and composition of soil, the distinction between ''pore water pressure'' and inter-granular ''effective stress'', capillary action of fluids in the pore spaces, ''soil classification'', ''seepage'' and ''permeability'', time dependent change of volume due to squeezing water out of tiny pore spaces, also known as ''consolidation'', ''shear strength'' and stiffness of soils. The shear strength of soils is primarily derived from friction between the particles and interlocking, which are very sensitive to the effective stress.〔 The article concludes with some examples of applications of the principles of soil mechanics such as slope stability, lateral earth pressure on retaining walls, and bearing capacity of foundations.
==Genesis and composition of soils==
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